EDITING : 2024.3.5 È­ 15:38
The Gachon Herald
For Babies, Life May Be a Trip
kweagle  |  g.herald1984@gmail.com
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Updated : 2018.10.05  15:33:27
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 The minds of infants are a mystery, but new brain research suggests that their inner lives may resemble a dream or a 1) psychedelic trip.
2) What is it like to be a baby? Very young children can’t tell us what their experiences are like, and none of us can remember the beginnings of our lives. So it would seem that we have no way of understanding baby 3) consciousness, or even of knowing if babies are conscious at all.
 But some fascinating new 4) neuroscience research is changing that. It turns out that when adults dream or have psychedelic experiences, their brains are functioning more like children’s brains. It appears that the experience of babies and young children is more like dreaming or tripping than like our usual 5) grown-up consciousness.
 As we get older, the brain’s 6) synapses—the connections between neurons—start to change. The young brain is very 7) “plastic,” as neuroscientists say: Between birth and about age 5, the brain quickly and easily makes new connections. A 8) preschooler’s brain has many more synapses than an adult brain. Then comes a kind of 9) tipping point. Some connections, especially the ones that are used a lot, become longer, stronger and more efficient. But many other connections disappear—they are 10) “pruned.”
 What’s more, different areas of the brain are active in children and adults. Parts of the back of the brain 11) are responsible for things like 12) visual processing and perception. These areas mature quite early and are active even in infancy. By contrast, areas at the very front of the brain, in the 13) prefrontal cortex, aren’t completely mature until after 14) adolescence. The prefrontal cortex is the 15) executive office of the brain, responsible for focus, control and long-term planning.
 Like most adults, I spend most of my waking hours thinking about 16) getting things done. Scientists have discovered that when we experience the world in this way, the brain sends out signals along the established, stable, efficient networks that we develop as adults. The prefrontal areas are especially active and have a strong influence on the rest of the brain. In short, when we are thinking like grown-ups, our brains look very grown-up too.
 But recently, neuroscientists have started to explore other states of consciousness. In research published in the journal Nature in 2017, Giulio Tononi of the University of Wisconsin and colleagues looked at what happens when we dream. They 17) measured brain activity as people slept, waking them up at regular intervals to ask whether they had been dreaming. Then the scientists looked at what the brain had been doing just before the sleepers woke up. When people reported dreaming, parts of the back of the brain were much more active—much like the brain areas that are active in babies. The prefrontal area, on the other hand, shuts down during sleep.
 A number of recent studies also explore the brain activity that 18) accompanies psychedelic experiences. A study published last month in the journal Cell by David Olson of the University of California, Davis, and colleagues looked at how 19) mind-altering chemicals affect synapses in rats. They found that a wide range of psychedelic chemicals made the brain more plastic, leading brain cells to grow more connections. It’s as if the cells went back to their 20) malleable, 21) infantile state.
 In other words, the brains of dreamers and trippers looked more like those of babies and young children than those of focused, hard-working adults. In a way, this makes sense. When you have a dream or a psychedelic experience, it’s very hard to focus your attention or control your thoughts—which is why reporting these experiences is notoriously difficult. At the same time, when you have a vivid nightmare or a mind-expanding experience, you certainly feel more conscious than you are in boring, everyday life.
 In the same way, an infant’s consciousness may be less focused and controlled than an adult’s but more vivid and immediate, combining perception, memory and imagination. Being a baby may be both stranger and more intense than we think.

By: Alison Gopnik

Published: 2018-07-18

Source: The Wall Street Journal

<Words & Expressions>
1) psychedelic: ȯ°¢À» ÀÏÀ¸Å°´Â (º»¹®¿¡¼­ mind alteringÀÇ ÀǹÌÀÓÀ» Ä£ÀýÇÏ°Ô º¸¿©ÁÖ°í Àֳ׿ä)
2) what is it like to be a baby: ¾Æ±â°¡ µÈ´Ù´Â °ÍÀº ¾î¶² °ÍÀϱî?
3) consciousness: ÀǽÄ, Áö°¢ cf) conscious: ÀǽÄÀÖ´Â, Áö°¢ÀÖ´Â
4) neuroscience: ½Å°æ°úÇÐ cf) neuroscientist: ½Å°æ°úÇÐÀÚ
5) grown-up consciousness: ¼º¼÷ÇÑ ÀǽÄ.
(¿¹¹®) The “parent” state is the more grown-up consciousness associated with social roles, responsibilities, and beliefs systems. ºÎ¸ð¶ó´Â »óÅ´ »çȸÀûÀÎ ¿ªÇÒ, Ã¥ÀÓ, ½Å³äü°è¿Í ¿¬°üµÈ ¼º¼÷ÇÑ ÀǽÄÀÌ´Ù.
6) synapse: ½Å°æÁ¢ÇÕºÎ(½Ã³À½º)
7) plastic: (Çü¿ë»ç·Î ¾²ÀÏ°æ¿ì) ÇüŸ¦ ¹Ù²Ù±â ½¬¿î (¿¹¹®) Clay and wax are plastic substances. Á¡Åä¿Í ¿Î½º´Â º¯ÇüÀÌ Àß µÇ´Â ¹°ÁúÀÌ´Ù.
8) preschooler: À¯Ä¡¿ø»ý
9) tipping point: ÀÛÀº º¯È­µéÀÌ ¸ð¿© Ä¿´Ù¶õ ÁúÀûº¯È­¸¦ ÀÏÀ¸Å°´Â ¼ø°£
10) prune: Ãà¼ÒÇÏ´Ù. °¡ÁöÄ¡±â ÇÏ´Ù. (¿¹¹®) To prune roses with a pruning knife. ÀüÁö¿ë Ä®·Î Àå¹ÌÀÇ °¡ÁöÄ¡±â¸¦ ÇÏ´Ù.
11) be responsible for~: ~¿¡ ´ëÇØ Ã¥ÀÓÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù
12) visual processing: ½Ã°¢Àû ó¸®
13) prefrontal cortex: ÀüµÎ¿± ÇÇÁú
14) adolescence: û¼Ò³â±â
15) executive office: ÀÓ¿ø »ç¹«½Ç (º»¹®¿¡¼­´Â ³úÀÇ ÃÖ°í ÅëÁ¦±â°üÀ̶ó´Â Àǹ̷Π¾²ÀÓ)
16) getting things done: (¾î¶°ÇÑ ÀÏÀ») ¿Ï¼öÇÏ´Ù
17) measure the brain activity: ³úÀÇ È°µ¿À» ÃøÁ¤ÇÏ´Ù
18) accompany: ~¿¡ ¼ö¹ÝÇÏ´Â
19) mind altering chemical: ȯ°¢À» ÀÏÀ¸Å°´Â(=psychedelic) È­Çй°Áú
20) malleable: ¿µÇâÀ» Àß ¹Þ´Â, Àß º¯È­´Â (=easily influenced, changed, and trained)
21) infantile: ¾î¸°¾Ö °°Àº, À¯Ä¡ÇÑ

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